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Ismail I, (July 17, 1487 – May 23, 1524), known in Persian as Shāh Ismāʿil, ((ペルシア語:شاه اسماعیل); full name: ''Abū l-Muzaffar Isma'il bin Haydar as-Safavī''; (アゼルバイジャン語:بیرینجی شاه اسماعیل); ''Şah İsmayıl Xətai''), was Shah of Iran (Persia) (1501)〔(Ismāʿīl I ), in Encyclopædia Britannica, online ed., 2011〕〔Woodbridge Bingham, Hilary Conroy, Frank William Iklé, ''A History of Asia: Formations of Civilizations, From Antiquity to 1600'', and Bacon, 1974, (p. 116. )〕 and the founder of the Safavid dynasty which survived until 1736. Isma'il started his campaign in Iranian Azerbaijan in 1500 as the leader of the Safaviyya, a Twelver Shia militant religious order, and unified all of Iran by 1509.〔(Encyclopædia Iranica. R.M. Savory. Esmail Safawi )〕 Born in Ardabil, Iranian Azerbaijan, he was the king (shah) of the Safavid dynasty from 1501 to 1524. The dynasty founded by Ismail I would rule for over two centuries, being one of the greatest Persian empires after the Muslim conquest of Persia and at its height being amongst the most powerful empires of its time, ruling all of Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, most of Georgia, the North Caucasus, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of modern day Syria, Turkey, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan at their height.〔Helen Chapin Metz. ''Iran, a Country study''. 1989. University of Michigan, p. 313.〕〔Emory C. Bogle. ''Islam: Origin and Belief''. University of Texas Press. 1989, p. 145.〕〔Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.〕〔Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: ''Rebirth of a Persian Empire'', IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).〕 it also reasserted the Iranian identity in large parts of Greater Iran,〔''Why is there such confusion about the origins of this important dynasty, which reasserted Iranian identity and established an independent Iranian state after eight and a half centuries of rule by foreign dynasties?'' RM Savory, ''Iran under the Safavids'' (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980), p. 3.〕 The legacy of the Safavid Empire was also the revival of Persia as an economic stronghold between East and West, the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy, their architectural innovations and their patronage for fine arts. Ismail played a key role in the rise of Twelver Islam; he converted Iran from Sunni to Shi'a Islam, importing religious authorities from the Levant.〔(Ismāʿīl I ) at ''Encyclopædia Britannica''〕 In Alevism, Shah Ismail remains revered as a spiritual guide. Ismail was also a prolific poet who, under the pen name Khatā'ī (which means "sinner" in Arabic) contributed greatly to the literary development of the Azerbaijani language.〔G. Doerfer, "Azeri Turkish", Encyclopaedia Iranica, viii, Online Edition, (p. 246. )〕 He also contributed to Persian literature, though few of his Persian writings are still in existence.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ESMĀʿĪL I ṢAFAWĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica )〕 == Origins == Ismail was born to Martha and Shaykh Haydar on July 17, 1487 in Ardabil. His father, Haydar, was the sheikh of the Safaviyya Sufi order and a direct descendant of its Kurdish〔(Richard Tapper, ''Frontier nomads of Iran: a political and social history of the Shahsevan'', Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-521-58336-7, p. 39;"The Safavid Shahs who ruled Iran between 1501 and 1722 descended from Sheikh Safi ad-Din of Ardabil (1252–1334). Sheikh Safi and his immediate successors were renowned as holy ascetics Sufis. Their own origins were obscure; probably of Kurdish or Iranian extraction ...". )〕〔(EBN BAZZAZ Encyclopædia Iranica )〕〔Muḥammad Kamāl, ''Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy'', Ashgate Publishing Inc, 2006, ISBN 0-7546-5271-8, (p. 24;"''The Safawid was originally a Sufi order whose founder, Shaykh Safi al-Din, a Sunni Sufi master descended from a Kurdish family ...''". )〕 founder, Safi-ad-din Ardabili (1252–1334). Ismail was the last in line of hereditary Grand Masters of the Safaviyah Sufi order, prior to his ascent to a ruling dynasty. Ismail was a great-great grandson of Emperor Alexios IV of Trebizond and King Alexander I of Georgia. His mother Martha, better known as Halima Begum, was the daughter of Uzun Hasan by his Pontic Greek wife Theodora Megale Komnene, better known as Despina Khatun.〔Peter Charanis. "Review of Emile Janssens' ''Trébizonde en Colchide''", ''Speculum, Vol. 45, No. 3,'', (Jul., 1970), p. 476〕 Despina Khatun was the daughter of Emperor John IV of Trebizond. (She had married Uzun Hassan in a deal to protect the Greek Empire of Trebizond from the Ottomans.〔Anthony Bryer, ''open citation'', p. 136〕) Ismail grew up bilingual, speaking Persian and Azerbaijani.〔Roger M. Savory. "Safavids" in Peter Burke, Irfan Habib, Halil Inalci:»History of Humanity-Scientific and Cultural Development: From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century", Taylor & Francis. 1999. Excerpt from pg 259:"Доказательства, имеющиеся в настоящее время, приводят к уверенности, что семья Сефевидов имеет местное иранское происхождение, а не тюркское, как это иногда утверждают. Скорее всего, семья возникла в Персидском Курдистане, а затем перебралась в Азербайджан, где ассимилировалась с говорящими по-тюркски азерийцами, и в конечном итоге поселились в маленьком городе Ардебиль где-то в одиннадцатом веке (available at the present time leads to the conviction that the Safavid family came from indigenous Iranian stock, and not from Turkish ancestry as it is sometimes claimed. It is probable that the family originated in Persian Kurdistan, and later moved to Azerbaijan, where it became assimilated to Turkic-speaking Azeris and eventually settled in the small town of Ardabil sometime during the eleventh century. )".〕〔Вопрос о языке, на котором говорил шах Исмаил, не идентичен вопросу о его «расе» или «национальности». Его происхождение было смешанным: одна из его бабушек была греческая принцесса Комнина. Хинц приходит к выводу, что кровь в его жилах была главным образом, не тюркской. Уже его сын шах Тахмасп начал избавляться от своих туркменских преторианцев. (question of the language used by Shah Ismail is not identical with that of his race or of his "nationality". His ancestry was mixed: one of his grandmothers was a Greek Comnena princess. Hinz, ''Aufstieg'', 74, comes to the conclusion that the blood in his veins was chiefly non-Turkish. Already, his son Shah Tahmasp began to get rid of his Turcoman praetorians. ) — V. Minorsky, "The Poetry of Shah Ismail I," ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', University of London 10/4 (1942): 1006–53.〕 Not only did Ismail have Kurdish ancestors, but he also had ancestors from various other ethnic groups;〔("Peoples of Iran" ) ''Encyclopædia Iranica''. RN Frye.〕〔(RM Savory. Ebn Bazzaz. ) ''Encyclopædia Iranica''〕〔Roger M. Savory. "Safavids" in Peter Burke, Irfan Habib, Halil İnalcık: ''History of Humanity-Scientific and Cultural Development: From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century'', Taylor & Francis. 1999, p. 259.〕〔Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p.321〕 the majority of scholars agree that his empire was an Iranian one.〔〔〔〔〔Alireza Shapur Shahbazi (2005), "The History of the Idea of Iran", in Vesta Curtis ed., Birth of the Persian Empire, IB Tauris, London, p. 108: "Similarly the collapse of Sassanian Eranshahr in AD 650 did not end Iranians' national idea. The name "Iran" disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor. But one unofficially used the name Iran, Eranshahr, and similar national designations, particularly Mamalek-e Iran or "Iranian lands", which exactly translated the old Avestan term Ariyanam Daihunam. On the other hand, when the Safavids (not Reza Shah, as is popularly assumed) revived a national state officially known as Iran, bureaucratic usage in the Ottoman Empire and even Iran itself could still refer to it by other descriptive and traditional appellations".〕 In 700/1301, Safi al-Din assumed the leadership of the Zahediyeh, a significant Sufi order in Gilan, from his spiritual master and father-in-law Zahed Gilani. The order was later known as the Safaviyya. Like his father and grandfather Ismail headed the Safaviyya Sufi order. An invented genealogy claimed that Sheikh Safi (the founder of the order and Ismael's ancestor) was a lineal descendant of Ali. Ismail also proclaimed himself the ''Mahdi'' and a reincarnation of Ali.〔Time in Early Modern Islam: Calendar, Ceremony, and Chronology Page 23 By Stephen P. Blake ()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ismail I」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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